Contingency Approach to Management

Contingency approach to management is a modern approach that has attempted to integrate findings of other perspectives. Contingency refers to the immediate (contingent or touching) circum ­stances.This approach was developed during 1960s and 1970s and based on the idea that it is impossible to select one way of managing all situations, and for this reason managers have to identify the conditions of a task, managerial job and persons as parts of a complete management situation and attempt to integrate them all into a solution which is most appropriate for a specific circumstance.The main contributors are Fred Fiedler (1967), Jay Lorsch, Paul Lawrence, Joan Woodward, etc (The Contingency Approach to Management, 2006). According to contingency approach, the manager has to try systematically to identify which technique or approach will, in a particular circumstance or context, best contribute to the attainment of the desired goals.The distinctive feature of this approach is that it see ks to apply to real life situations ideas taken from different schools of management thought. The problem is that there is no a universal approach to management, and for this reason different problems require different approaches. Also, the contingency approach stresses the need for managers to examine the relationship between the internal and external envi ­ronment of an organization.â€Å"Contingency analysis indicates, for example, that a set of complex tasks are necessary to bring about significant educational improvements, planners can sequence the tasks in ways that allow managers to focus on less complex problems before tackling more difficult ones† (Amey, 1986). Organizational requirements, culture and structure are constantly changing and needed continual efforts to maintain effective work ­ing relationships.The con ­tingency approach examines each situation to find out its unique attributes before management makes a decision.This approach can be described as t ask-oriented, because decisions are made in each individual situation. In spite of evident benefits and advantages, this approach is criticized because most of the decisions are intuitive and lack theoretical foun ­dation (Amey, 1986). ReferencesAmey, L.R. (1986). A Conceptual Approach to Management. Durham, NC: Praeger Publishers.The Contingency Approach to Management. (2006) Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Comp-De/Contingency-Approach-to-Management.html

Gulliver Travel Theme Essay

Might vs. Right In Jonathon Swift’s Gulliver’s Travel there are many characters who have power over others, some of these characters abuse it other characters do not. Swift gives many details and examples of how the character uses or abuses his or her power. Swift relates many of his characters to real life people of his time The first occurrence of this theme happens when Gulliver washes up on the island of the Lulliputains after his boat was capsized by a huge storm. Gulliver awakens to his arm, legs, and body tied down and is unable to move. He is surrounded by a abundance of miniature like people. Though Gulliver showed no sign of aggression the Lulliputains, despite their small size, still took full advantage over Gulliver and attack him with arrows. The emperor who rules Luptin thinks he can control Gulliver and has him chained and guarded by soldiers. â€Å"The emperor is both a satire of the autocratic ruler and a strangely serious portrait of political power. †(Sparknotes. com). Swift uses The Emperor to represent King George I. Just like King George, The Emperor abuses his power and hires his ministers on how well he likes them rather then their suitability, wisdom, or virtue. The Emperor of Luptin also loves war and wants to use Gulliver’s size to enslave the neighboring island Blefuscu. Although Gulliver refuses to do so, this can be compared to King George I war on Spanish Succession. The Brobdingnagians could dominate with their superior size if they wished but for the must part they do not. Gulliver is taken by a farmer when he lands on the island of Brobdingnag who Gulliver estimates is around seventeen foot tall. The farmer at doesn’t take advantage of his great size but he eventually uses Gulliver as a display around Brobdingnag for money. In General the Brobdingnagians do not abuse their power. The King of Brobdingnag is offered the secret of gunpowder but he refuses to take this, even though gunpowder could vastly increase the power of his nation. The Queen of Brobdingnag finds Gulliver and buys him off the farmer for a thousand pieces of gold. The Queen finds Gulliver quite interesting and thinks of him not as a pet but as fellow Brobdingnagian. Throughout the story Swift likes to draw questions through his characters on why people hold power over others. A key example of this is how The Laputan King thinks he has the right to hold power over the Balnirbarbians simply because he is more devoted to abstract and theoretical knowledge then they are. A more ambiguous example of this power is how the Houyhnhnms control the Yahoos. The Houyhnhnms are intelligent, moral and virtuous people but it is still questionable on whether they should rule the Yahoos. â€Å"The Yahoos are greedy, beastlike humans who will fight over anything valuable and will eat enough food for ten. †(shmoop. com). Even though the Houyhmhnms are great creatures it is still inhuman that they should take control of the Yahoos who are less fortunate than them. Might vs. ight or, abuse or use of power, is a reoccurring theme in Gulliver’s Travels. Swift uses this theme to draw a deeper meaning into the story. The question of why people hold power over others is one that is asked throughout the novel. Swift puts you into each of leaders shoes and gets the reader to think of what they would do if they were in this situation. Would people use to power that was given to them to do great things or would people abuse their power to control and strip freed om from others.

A sociological investigation into cohabitation in Britain today Essay Example for Free

A sociological investigation into cohabitation in Britain today Essay ? In my coursework I shall conduct a sociological investigation into cohabitation in Britain today. This is expanded from my previous coursework, which updated past research into the stigmas attached to cohabitation. It interests me to investigate whether facts and opinions of cohabitation have changed over time. To achieve this aim I shall look at the following questions throughout my research: 1. Why has cohabitation increased? 2. Does cohabitation have an effect on children? 3. What advantages and disadvantages are there to cohabitation? 4. Is there still a stigma attached to cohabitation? 5. Do cohabiting couples ever wish to marry or is it a permanent status? I believe that cohabitation is increasingly replacing marriage. I intend to research cohabitation using a questionnaire, which will be given to both cohabiting and married couples to complete. 133 Words Context Cohabitation has doubled since 1981 to around 25% and is greatly increasing. It is defined as when two people live together in a relationship without being married. This can be either a short-term arrangement or a permanent status in which the couple do not see the need to be legally married. Sociologists have researched into many areas of cohabitation and the family. However, more recently the main focus has been on the increase in cohabitation. It is argued that marriage is becoming less popular and so people are developing alternatives to conventional married life. Also, there are increasing numbers of marital breakdown, which are reflected in rises in the divorce rates. The General Household Survey from Social Trends (2000) found that in Great Britain between 1998 and 1999, 26% of males and 25% of females, between the ages of 16 and 59, were in a cohabiting relationship. This is relevant as it show evidence of the large numbers of cohabiting couples in society today. Chester (1980) has argued that cohabitation is only a temporary situation that often leads to marriage. Chester said that in many cases it is not possible for a couple to marry, due to one or both partners being married. Also, many couples see cohabitation as a trial period, which often determines whether they choose to marry. Chester concluded that around 2% of single women aged 18-49 are living and bearing children in â€Å"constitutional unions† which may be permanent. However, Chandler argues against this theory, seeing the increase in cohabitation as more significant. Chandler says that couples appear to be spending lengthening amounts of time cohabiting and seem to be choosing cohabitation as a permanent replacement for marriage. Chandler (1993) supports this by noting that 28% of children were born to unmarried mothers, 70% of which were registered by both parents. These arguments show the conflicting opinions, between sociologists, regarding the status that cohabitation appears to now have. Approximately 15% of one-parent families are created through the break-up of cohabiting unions, showing that cohabitation’s with children are even more likely to break-up than childless ones. Today, more than 20% of children are born to cohabiting couples, although around only a third of these children will remain with both parents throughout their childhood. This means that children born to cohabiting parents are more likely to experience a series of disruptions in their family life, which can have negative consequences for their emotional and educational development. Berthoud and Gershuny found, in ‘seven years in the lives of British families’, that 70% of children born to married parents are likely to live their entire childhood with both parents whereas only 36% of children born to cohabiting parents remain with both parents. It has also been shown that children living in cohabiting stepfamilies are at a significantly higher risk of child abuse, showing that these informal cohabiting families are the most unsafe environments for children. This is interesting as it shows an insight into the effects that cohabitation can have on children. There have been many theories as to why cohabitation has increased, alongside the simple and more obvious explanations. Marriage is seen as a more risky choice in a relationship due to the divorce rates and expense of marriage, along with the decline in religious influence and growing economic and employment insecurity worries. Single parenthood has been a partial explanation as to why cohabitation has increased as many women choose to cohabit in a relationship, rather than having the irresponsibility of raising a child outside of a stable relationship. Cohabitation has greatly occurred from the great rise in divorce rates, which may also have the effect if children, from divorced parents, being wary of marriage. However, the decline in childbirth and the conscious decision to not have children may have made it less necessary for couples to marry. Past research conducted into sociology appears to indicate that the once prominent stigma attached to cohabitation has greatly declined in society. Th decline in the negative view to cohabitation, in society, has been shown in the Social Trends Survey (1996). The results from ‘people who feel cohabitation is wrong: by gender, 1994’ show that between 1960 and 1978, 7% of males and 6% of females felt that cohabitation is wrong. This has greatly decreased from 40% of males and 37% of females in 1930. These statistics could also imply that these numbers are still decreasing in society today. Ronald Fletcher’s (1988) theory shows an inclination as to why this social stigma has decreased. He suggests that cohabitation is a form of marriage, which is similar to that of a nuclear family, rather than a different relationship form altogether. He argued that cohabiting couples are concealed nuclear families that are not legalised through marriage. This theory not only suggests reasons for cohabitation but also indicates that it could continue to increase in society. 810 Words Methodology feelings towards discussing such information. Using a questionnaire will allow me to get results in a short period of time, which will be easy for both me and my participants as it will take into account any individual variables, such as the participant being in a rush etc. Questionnaires will be the best method of data collection for my study as I can then easily quantify and analyse the results in relation to my rationale. I shall conduct my study by In sociology, structionalists and interactionists have each used different methods of attempting to research areas of sociology. Structuralists are positivists and so use scientific, quantitative methods if collecting data. Common methods used by structuralists are laboratory experiments, which isolate the variables to find a relationship between them and field experiments, which, attempt to control variables in a natural situation. Also used by structuralists are questionnaires, structural interviews and the analysis of official statistics. Interactionists, however, are anti-positivists and reject scientific research methods, using qualitative methods of collecting data. Common methods used by interactionists are informal/unstructured interviews, where the subject directs the interview, and participant observation, where the participants are observed during their daily activities. For my research I shall be using the quantitative research methods of questionnaires. I considered using formal interviews to collect my data as I would have been able to get more in-depth and personal results, but decided that this would be more difficult to conduct and a suitable sized sample may be harder to find for reasons such as time difficulties and personal handling out questionnaires to randomly aged cohabiting, married and non-cohabiting couples. I shall use 25 questionnaires to complete my study as I feel that this is a relatively suitable sized sample to gain reliable results with. I have chosen this sample in the hope that I will gain a wide variety of couples and ages, without attempting to manipulate who participates. The gender of my participants shall also be randomly selected, rather than pre-determined. I shall also distribute my questionnaires in a variety of places sixth form college, workplace, public areas) to aid my aim of getting a varied sample and ensure that my results are representative. I shall ensure that I am ethical in my approach of this by gaining their consent before handing them the questionnaire. The questionnaires shall also have details of the nature of the study written above the questions and they shall be verbally informed that it is not required of them to answer any questions that they do not wish to. The questionnaires shall also be confidential and so will not require a name or contact details from the participant, which may increase the validity of my results as they may be less likely to lie or refuse to disclose information. When constructing my questionnaire I ensured that I considered all of my aims, stated in my rationale. I included questions which required both written answers and a choice of pre-selected answers, depending on the nature of the question. For two of my questions, the answer choices were given in ranges, rather than individual answers (e. g. are you, 26-35 etc). I did this with ages to male the question less personal as the participant may be uncomfortable disclosing their exact age. It has also been done when asking how many cohabiting couples they know of, as it is unlikely that they would consider the exact amount accurately. I constructed the questionnaire in a form that is suitable for both married and cohabiting/non cohabiting couples to complete, and based all of my questions on a more personal form of my aims, which will hopefully result in valid results. Before conducting my final study, I completed a pilot study of four questionnaires to find any area of improvement which could better my final study. I conducted and distributed these questionnaires in exactly the same way as planned for the final study. I feel that my pilot study was successful and without any major problems. I shall, however, change some minor aspects of the questionnaire. I found that the question regarding ‘benefits of cohabiting couples’ may have been misinterpreted as financial benefits only, and so I shall change the structure of that question. I also found that people were writing more, for their answers, than the allocated space and so I shall add more lines per question on my final questionnaires. The remainder of my questionnaire shall stay the same. 741 Words Evidence To present the results of my questionnaire I shall display and discuss each question individually, in the order which they appear in on the questionnaire itself. 1. Are you: Male Female I decided to first gain some knowledge of the participant so that any relations could be made between the results and their personal details, if necessary. For my research, however, I am looking at the overall current opinions of the public and so am not looking for any direct relationships related to gender. Due to my random sample it was not expected that an equal number of males and females would be used, and this is shown in the above table. A sociological investigation into cohabitation in Britain today. (2017, Sep 10).

International Business (4) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business (4) - Case Study Example Over the last decades, business has seen its way because of globalization, globalization has enabled countries to expand beyond its territories and get assessed to the wider market (Smith, 2009). Success of any nation in its business undertakings and operations is measured by its ability to form coalitions and work jointly with business partners in different nations. No country or nation works in isolation if success is to be realized, these business partnerships can be between neighboring nations, regional and between countries of different continents. These coalitions normally aims at marketing one another’s products, assisting their partners when in need of finances, buying products from its partners and actively participating in promotion and other activities related to marketing of its partner’s products. Choice of members to form coalition with is the most crucial aspect to be considered when reaching at a conclusion about the country to operate jointly. These coalitions and joint operations are, however, faced with challenges and accompanied by risks. China and United States of America are example of nations, which has successfully worked jointly as business partners. Business in China has significantly developed and prospers because of joint business formed with other nations of the world. One such joint business is with the USA, through this partnership, China has benefited in various ways like access to international market, foreign goods, and market for its products and access to wider variety of goods at subsidized relationship because of good relationship with USA. Business in China requires that there exist personal relationship with the country of interest for them to form these partnership long procedures are also involved. USA on the other hand, has benefited with this joint business with China. The diverse technologies available in China have been adopted by the US, thus leading to progress in technology. This

Case Study - Veterans preference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study - Veterans preference - Essay Example ollowing the Veterans Employment Opportunities Act of 1998 will be addressed as well with emphasis on its fiscal sustainability; additionally the civil issues involved will be addressed. (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2000 p 3) The United States Office of Personnel Management which has control over the hiring procedures of the entire United States Federal employment roster has sought to promote additional benefits for veterans through various legislative approaches as well as the use of studies. One report by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management showed that, â€Å"the percentage of veterans in the workforce represented by agencies in our sample ranged from a low of 8.4 percent to a high of 47 percent†¦Agencies with a low percentage were specifically clerical or science related while those with a high percentage were Department of Defense related.† (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2000 p 4) In another paper the case Massachusetts v. Feeney brought the challenge that it is unfair to others who may be better qualified than the veterans as a result of the use of the absolute point preference system which will always place a potentially low scoring veteran above a better scoring civilian candidate. â€Å"The lower court had found that the veterans’ preference served worthy and legitimate purposes†¦it had not been enacted specifically to discriminate against women.† (Browne, 1980 p 1118) The idea that was brought forth by the plaintiff in this case was that the congressional act allowing absolute preference was unfair to other potentially better qualified candidates. In looking at the approach currently taken by the various government agencies that are hiring regularly there is something to be said for that. In fact in many cases candidates with specific job experience and additional education are being turned down for less qualified veterans which while being the law currently, may not be an effective strategy in employment and would not work well

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 19

Leadership - Essay Example According to a definition cited by Stanley (2005, p.108), a clinical leader is a leader who holds quantifiable medical and scientific skills, knowledge and proficiency in nursing practice and one who employs the use of interpersonal proficiency to facilitate provision of quality care by nurses and other care providers. There are also other factors that are used in explicating nursing leadership. Further explication by Stanley (2005, p.109) asserts that excellence in clinical practice coupled with provision of a conducive or positive environment that empowers nurses are fundamental elements of nursing leadership. Another definition of nursing leadership asserts that a nurse leader is "A nurse directly involved in providing clinical care that continuously improves care through influencing others" (Stanley, 2005, p.109). In extrapolation, this definition of a nurse leader shows that it is not a prerequisite for nurse leaders to be higher-ranking officials in nursing practice. In other w ords, a nurse can be a leader despite the position held. There are a number of leadership theories that in essence categorises leadership. One of these theories is denoted by Curtis, Vries and Sheerin (2011, p.307) to include trait theory. This theory focus primarily on individual characteristics that facilitate leadership. The second theory is referred to as the behaviour approach that expounds leadership in a leaders viewpoint and in fact spotlights on leadership behaviours (Curtis, Vries and Sheerin, 2011, p.307). The third theory is the contingency approach that views leadership in the context of the interface and communication between a leader, existing circumstances and his or her actions (Curtis, Vries and Sheerin, 2011, p.307). Fourthly is the transformational theory that spotlights on the association or connection between a leader and his or her employees (Curtis, Vries and Sheerin, 2011, p.307). Though all the leadership theories and styles

Reaction to The Moral Instinct by Steven Pinker Essay

Reaction to The Moral Instinct by Steven Pinker - Essay Example This is what Steven Pinker tries to stress in his write-up in the New York Times(January 13, 2008) titled â€Å"The Moral Instinct† with more examples and theories. He in fact favors Borlaug and Bill Gates over Mother Teresa in the choice of admiration and philanthropy. Borlough brought about the Green Revolution which still feeds millions of hungry mouths and Bill Gates aids missions to fight fatal diseases of the developed world. Pinker also contends that while Mother Teresa was backed by hefty donations from all quarters the other two were self motivated individuals expending their own time and effort in the up-liftment of humanity. Pinter is critical of the entire question of morality and claims it to be passed on from one generation to the next and accepted without question because we were taught that way! He cites three predicaments where the choice is between morality and discretion. We discussed the first one at the beginning of this essay. The second example is about the American flag being cut and used to clean the bathroom. No individual with moralistic mindset would ever think of doing such a thing but come to think of from a rational point of view.

Feminist Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feminist Archaeology - Essay Example The general field, methodology, and teaching of archaeology are scrutinized from the perspective of feminism and its long-standing critique of the natural sciences. Ultimately the authors wish to see the development of a â€Å"gendered archaeology† which gives to women the role in human history which they have truly had. One example that the authors use to demonstrate that the field of archaeology has begun to change is the increasing studies which have â€Å"[recognized] female labor in a broad range of activities† in what â€Å"were once considered exclusively male domains† (Conkey 415). They stress the importance of â€Å"looking for women† projects which specifically seek to identify the tasks done by women in ancient societies which have erroneously been attributed to men. The specific issue of gender, according to the authors, has begun to give new and added focus on the role of women. Archaeological research into gender varies from an emphasis on class and occupation to an interest into the ways in which the meaning of gender has evolved over time. As well, the authors point to rise in biographies being written about female archaeologists as evidence that the field has begun to change. Interestingly the authors of the article claim that there is a correlation between research into gender inequities and work-place inequities within the field of archaeology itself. The idea that the field is sexist has, in their opinion, given rise to the increased interest and study into questions of gender. Concerning methodology, and its relation to an â€Å"engendered archaeology,† the issue of gender as a social construct is put into perspective. According to the authors, gender has always been viewed as a social construct, though in varying degrees and depending on the given scholar. In their view, a gender-based archaeology would first and foremost seek

Zara Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Zara Strategy - Essay Example Economic In spite of the eurozone crisis and economic recession, UK’s GDP has reduced to a mere 0.2 % compared to the overall industry growth, which has dropped by 0.6%.N According to eminent economists, the unemployment rate will increase to 9% in the coming two years. Around two million people will remain unemployed. The retail clothing market of UK is constantly increasing. According to Key Note report (2012), the UK market showed a 3.3% increase in 2011, and sales reached 43.1 billion pounds. Women’s garments were the largest sector in terms of sales revenue followed by men and children’s sector (Chakrabarti, Subramanian, Meka, & Sudershan, 2012). Social There has been a 7% rise in age group which represents the working population. Because of this, more people are now including formal clothing as their daily wear. This means that in future, Zara may also be required to change its portfolio, in order to match the growing needs of this ageing population. Due to the current economic crisis and budget deficit, the purchasing capacity of the consumers has reduced. Now, sustainable and normal living standard has become a challenge for the local people. To get rid of the difficult financial condition, the UK government has taken the policy of managed migration.... Technology Latest technological advances such as RFID, electronic data exchange and ERP, are used by most of the retailers in UK to decrease operation costs and enhance the value chain process (Pettigrew, 2006). According to the Science and Innovation Investment Framework (2013), there has been only 2% increase in investment in technological advances. This has made the investment condition in UK very inflexible Environment In order to meet the environmental norms, set by Kyoto Protocol, the industries need to reduce the percentage of carbon emission to a minimum of 9% from the present rate. According to the government protocol, the foreign countries in UK need to decrease their Carbon footprint to a minimum of 20% in the coming two years (Unfccc, 2013). Thus, in order to sustain in the market, Zara will have to follow the protocol in its value chain. Legal According to the economic freedom journal’s index, UK has been ranked seventh in terms of free economy (Index of Economic Freedom, 2013). It has also been praised by Wall street Journal for its business and economic sustainability. To solve any labour related issues, the country strictly follows the rules and regulations of European Union Labour Law. This indicates a necessary change in the HR policies and regulations of Zara’s business process to comply the EU Guidelines. Porter Analysis The major categories of apparent industry in UK are men’s wear, children’s wear, and women’s wear. The industry value can be calculated by using Retail Selling Price (RSP). Total Revenue of the Industry CAGR Women’s wear Men’s wear Children swear $54,495 million (2011) 2.1% 59.2% 26.9% 13.9% (Source: Marketline, 2012b) Growth potential of

Running the business from the palm of your hand Essay

Running the business from the palm of your hand - Essay Example In this context the mobile digital platform is gaining significance nowadays. Now people are using their mobile as a means not only to call, chat or message, but to carry out their business functions as well since mobile is one thing they always carry with them. With the introduction of Mobile OS like iPhone OS, Android, Windows OS people are developing apps which caters to everyday needs right from their home to business. Hence application making companies like GP Apps, IndiaNIC, Grapple, SourceBits etc are coming out with apps which cater to everyday business needs. Mobile application is software developed to serve a specific need of individuals, business organization etc. Business Functions are basically operations that need to be carried out by an organization. Like for a Software company the key operations are writing codes, testing, maintenance etc. For a Bank it is accepting deposits, giving loans etc. In TCHO Chocolate, which creates unique flavors of chocolate uses iPhone applications that helps his business process function smoothly. It enables the owner Timothy Childs to remotely control the Flavor Machine, control the time, temperatures, and turn on and off whenever he needs. Through the app Childs can remotely view several video cameras and thus know the status of the factory. General Electric Mobile has their own Mobile center of excellence which develops apps which caters to their business needs. For GE’s Sales and marketing personnel it acts as a great boon as they can share business information and presentation with their colleagues and customers. They also use Transformer Monitoring app which manages their gas turbine inventory and electric transformers in the whole world. Along with it their PDS Movement planner helps monitor railway tracks and diagnose the locomotives. In Dow Corning, the employees use a Roambi Visualizer app which helps them to view the business data including sales figures, their trends and projections in real time basis and analyze them. Their Analytics App for iPhone monitors the Web site traffic along with the online sales for their XIAMETER brand. Using these executives monitors globally what contents are useful for them. Sunbelt Rentals uses Mobile SalesPro app which integrates several databases and systems for the sal es team. Hence this helps the sales team to stay up breast with the latest information on rental rates and availability of equipment. Answer 2 Operational efficiency is the ratio between the input that a business needs and the output which a business delivers. Inputs can be people, money or time. Outputs are new customers, money, innovation, speed, customer loyalty etc. (Kenneth, 2010, p.81). There are several reasons as to why a business should invest in information systems. 1. Operational excellence: Information helps managers to achieve higher levels of productivity and efficiency in business operations. For example Wal-Mart uses a RetailLink system, which links their suppliers to all Wal-Mart's stores. When a customer purchases an item, the supplier knows that he has to ship a

Foreign Capital Essay Example for Free

Foreign Capital Essay Foreign capital: The capital available to any country other than the domestic capital in order to finance any domestic purpose is called foreign capital. Need for Foreign Capital 1.Capital investment requirements – Since underdeveloped countries want to industrialize themselves within a short period of time, it becomes necessary to increase capital investment substantially. This requires a high level of savings. However, because of general poverty, the savings are very low. This creates a resource gap between investment needs and savings. This gap has to be filled through foreign capital. 2. Technology transfers – The under developed countries have lower technological capacity as compared to advanced countries. The desire for industrialization creates the need for importing technology from advanced countries. Such technology transfer usually comes with foreign capital in the form of private foreign investment or foreign collaboration. The technological gap is reduced by training domestic personnel and through establishment of educational, research or training institutes. 3. Exploitation of natural resources – A number of underdeveloped countries possess huge mineral resources, which can be exploited for economic development. These countries do not possess the required technical skill and expertise to accomplish this task. As a consequence, they have to depend upon foreign capital to undertake the exploitation of their mineral wealth. 4. Development of entrepreneurship – Many under developed countries suffer from shortage of private entrepreneurs. This creates a limitation in the process of industrialization. Foreign capital undertakes the risk of investment in host countries and thus provides the much-needed impetus to the process of industrialization. Once the process of industrialization gets started with foreign capital, domestic industrial activity also increases through greater local participation. This automatically develops local entrepreneurship. 5. Development of economic infrastructure – The domestic capital in under developed countries is inadequate to build the required level of economic  infra structure. Thus these countries require the assistance of foreign capital to undertake this task. Over the last 50 years, international financial institutions and governments of advanced countries have made substantial capital available to the under developed countries to develop their economic infrastructure in the form of transport and communications systems, generation and distribution of electricity, development of irrigation facilities, etc. The basic intention is to build an economic model for achieving sustainable development. 6. Financing balance of payments deficit – In the initial phase of economic development, under developed countries face larger imports (in the form of machinery, capital goods, industrial raw materials, spares and components), than exports. The deficit in the balance of trade is financed by inflow of foreign capital. The economic development of an underdeveloped country therefore needs foreign capital to initiate its economic development process and sustain it till desired level of stability is reached

Phenomenology and the Eucharistic Mass Essay Example for Free

Phenomenology and the Eucharistic Mass Essay In the study of communications, reaching a common consensus on how to apply a shared and common understanding of communications seems to be a near impossible task. After being introduced to the seven traditions of communications by Craig in his essay â€Å"Communication Theory as a Field†, I choose to explore the tradition he categorizes as Phenomenology. My initial understanding on the study of communications were quite limited to the transmission view, dominated by a sender and receiver framework. Interestingly, the transmission model in it’s origin was culturally rooted in religion, and used as a tool for the dissemination of Euro centric religious values and practices globally. With advancement in technology, especially in the 1920’s, the North American perspective on communication shifted the transmission model from religion to science to reflect a multidisciplinary approach in to the study of communications. As a practitioner of what was once the transmission view, the Catholic Church had experienced tremendous religious propagation of its message through forcible transmission all over the world. Based on Craig’s essay, the Catholic Church of today then embodies traits of a ritual view of communication, and is aligned with religious communication, and expression such as fellowship, participation, community, communion, and common faith. The phenomenological model of communication shares characteristics with the ritual view that I will be exploring through the Roman Catholic Eucharistic liturgy. The phenomenological tradition described by Craig, â€Å" conceptualizes communication as dialogue or the experience of otherness† (p. 217). Communication in this tradition is not rooted in verbal transmission but instead a shared experience on plains that extend beyond tradition verbal or textual communication. For the purpose of this paper phenomenological tradition can be seen as a form of communication expressed metaphysically as well. Gadamers’ theory from â€Å"Truth and Method†, focus on tradition and language as a primary form of communication. His ideology is that: we are only able to make sense of ourselves and the world around us because our consciousness has been shaped by history and traditions in ways we are largely unaware of wareness expands our understanding of the tradition. His description of an I-Thou relationship as the question-answer logic that underlies hermeneutic experience creates communication by identifying, hermeneutics, â€Å"that lead to a dialectical process of interpretation and growth of understanding. As a phenomenological practitioner, this theory has very intrinsic value. Communication in this practice provides a very meaningful and existential experience that I am to able to engage in with my Creator, in the absence of any other person. As a Roman Catholic, I have had many questions about the way we participate in mass. My parents grew up on the island of Trinidad, in a devout Catholic community. The Spanish, that had at one time colonized Trinidad, were very committed to their mission of converting the indigenous people of the island. The spread Catholicism throughout the country was profuse, with community churches everywhere, (even building one across the street from my mother’s house), and adding a monastery and seminary college a mile further up the mountainside where my father lived. Catholicism was not just a religion in our community, it was a part of the culture, and employed many of the villagers as they worked for the seminary. My grandparents were in fact Hindu, and converted to Catholicism because of the strong influence and presence it had within the community. As a Roman Catholic child, I had been told to repeat, chant, and act with humility, adoration and reverence during mass. I did not understand what we were doing or what the intention was. I became harder and harder to find meaning in going to church. In my late teens I stopped attending mass because there was no intrinsic connection for me in my faith practice. I remained a spiritual and deeply rooted faith based person, but I could not come to terms with many of the teachings of my church. I stayed out of church for many years. At some point, I became curious about what it meant. I was not looking for a theological understanding per se, but instead, what did â€Å"it† mean? The chanting, the collective response in unison, the prayers itself. What was I blindly repeating every Sunday? I chose to study the teachings of the Catholic Church in university at Newman Theological College to gain a scholarly perspective. Many things became clear, although I did acquiesce on some ideological points, (my own hermeneutical experience). Inspired by my academic insights, I returned to church as a knowledgeable participant of the mass, understanding that as part of the community, I would belong to the collective voice of the fellowship of Christ. The Catholic mass is deeply enriched with both Phenomenological Theory as well as Semiotic Tradition. In some regard you must look at the semiotics in order to fully understand what is being communicated during certain points in the eucharistic liturgy. For the purpose of this paper I will focus on the phenomenological aspects. The Eucharistic liturgy is a two century old tradition, considered the real presence of Christ at the last supper carried out each Sunday, and is considered an integral part of Catholic worship. As Catholics we believe Jesus began a significant new fellowship meal that we observe to this day. It causes us to collectively and intrinsically share in the experience of his sacrifice through his death and resurrection. The description of the liturgy I’m presenting here reflects a very basic summation of the ritual. At the start of the liturgy we are asked to offer ourselves up, and surrender to God. As we participate in the Eucharistic Prayer we are in the act of giving thanks. The congregation is humbled as Christ is transubstantiated from man into the elements of bread and wine. We collectively mourn as Jesus is offered to the Father in sacrifice for the sins of man. We participate in the Lords Prayer, and a prayer for peace. The Holy Spirit is invited to come down upon us and unite the community of worshipers into one body as we prepare to accept the communion, and offer each other a sign of peace. As a community we should be considered one body, ready to receive Christ as a single body in the form of the host. Prior to accepting the communion we collectively humble ourselves stating our unworthiness and asking for compassion and forgiveness for our transgressions. As members of the congregation travel to the the altar, it represents a pilgrimage in this life from a journey of birth to death, and to the heavenly Father. Once each individual receives the host, we communally belong to the larger body of Christ. An aspect of the phenomenological theory of communication as seen by Buber can be practically applied in this example. The I-Thou relationship is present when looking at the relationship each individual member of the ongregation has with their Creator, or even Catholicism itself. The act of worshiping communally creates an experience and awareness of each other that reflects dialogue in Gadamer’s model of phenomenology. Prayer itself is a great example of the I-Thou relationship the Buber describes. Although it contradicts Gadamers â€Å"parallel concept of conversation emphasiz[ing] the object or subject matter of conversation that brings people together in dialogue† (p. 219). Buber also notes that, â€Å"dialogue can be entirely wordless, yet deeply meaningful† (p. 19), and talks about how sacred silence itself can be on page 227, which is evident throughout the moments of the liturgy in which individuals respond on an emotional level through reverence, humility, sorrow, or repentance. Burber’s theory of a person living life with an open mind, open to experience and in essence living the life of dialogue is what resonates most for me. My critical exploration into understanding the Catholic mass has supported my dialogue in prayer with my creator, as well as my participation as a member of the Catholic church. It would be assumed that since developing a clearer understanding of the mass, that I would be regularly attending. That is not the case. What I grew to understand is that I cannot effectively belong to the congregation if I am not intrinsically communicating through action, intention and prayer when I attend. For that reason, I go to church when I have a deeper calling to do so. My I-Thou relationship within my faith is not compromised as I connect to my creator in conversation and prayer every day, however, my I-Thou relationship with the other church goers would be compromised and lacking authenticity if I attend mass out of obligation.

Partial Molar Properties And Their Application

Partial Molar Properties And Their Application Thermodynamics deals with energy changes and its relationship with work. It is based on three laws of thermodynamics which are used as axioms just as Newtons laws motion from the basis of classical mechanics. The first two laws are based on facts observed in every day life. The predictions based on these laws have been verified in most cases and so far no case has been reported where the laws break down. The laws can be stated in mathematical form. Hence, thermodynamics is an exact science. The thermodynamic theory can be developed without gaps in the argument using only moderate knowledge of mathematics. [B.]ABOUT PARTIAL MOLAR PROPERTY: Thermodynamic relations derived earlier are applicable to closed systems. In a system where not only the work and heat but also several kinds of matter are being exchanged, a multicomponent open system has to be considered. Here, the amounts of the various substances are treated as variables like any other thermodynamic variables. For example, the gibbs free energy of a system is a function not only of temperature and pressure , but also of the amount of each substance in the system,such that G=f(T,p,n1,n2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.nk) Where n1,n2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.,nk represent the amounts of each of the K components in the system . for simplicity, let a system contain only two components. The total differential of G is dG=(?G/?T)P,n1,n2 dT+(?G/?p)T,n1,n2 dp+(?G/?n1)T,p,n2 dn+(?G/?n2)T,p,n1 dn2 In this eq., the partial derivatives (?G/?n1)T,P,n2 and (?G/?n2)T,P,n1 are known as partial molar free energies of components one and two , respectively. In genral, the partial derivative of a thermodynamic function Y with respect to the amount of component i of a mixture when T,p and amounts of other constituents are kept constant , is known as the partial molar property of the ith component and is represented as Yi,pm. Thus Yi,pm=(?Y/?ni)T,p,njs i=!j [C.]DEFINITION OF PARTIAL MOLAR PROPERTY: The partial molar property may be defined in either of the following two ways: 1. it is the change in Y when 1 mole of component i is added to a system which is so large that this addition has a negligible effect on the composition of the system. 2. Let dY be the change in value of Y when an infinitesimal amount dni of component i is added to a sysem of definite composition. By an infinitesimal amount dni we mean that its addition does not cause any appreciable change in the composition of the system. If we divide dY by dni , we get the partial molar property (?Y/?ni). thus, the partial molar property of the component i may be defined as the change in Y per mole of component i when an infinitesimal amount of this component is added to a system of definite composition. [D.]TYPES OF MOLAR PROPERTIES: (a.) Partial molar volume: The partial molar volume is broadly understood as the contribution that a component of a mixture makes to the overall volume of the solution. However, there is rather more to it than this: When one mole of water is added to a large volume of water at 25 °C, the volume increases by 18cm3. The molar volume of pure water would thus be reported as 18cm3 mol-1. However, addition of one mole of water to a large volume of pure ethanol results in an increase in volume of only 14cm3. The reason that the increase is different is that the volume occupied by a given number of water molecules depends upon the identity of the surrounding molecules. The value 14cm3 is said to be the partial molar volume of water in ethanol. In general, the partial molar volume of a substance X in a mixture is the change in volume per mole of X added to the mixture. The partial molar volumes of the components of a mixture vary with the composition of the mixture, because the environment of the molecules in the mixture changes with the composition. It is the changing molecular environment (and the consequent alteration of the interactions between molecules) that results in the thermodynamic properties of a mixture changing as its composition is altered. The partial molar volume, VJ, of any substance J at a general composition, is defined as: Fig: the partial molar volumes of water and ethanol at 25degree C where the subscript n indicates that the amount of all the other substances is held constant. The partial molar is the slope of the plot of the total volume as the amount of J is changed with all other variables held constant: Note that it is quite possible for the partial molar volume to be negative, as it would be at II in the above diagram. For example, the partial molar volume of magnesium sulphate in water is -1.4cm3 mol-1. i.e. addition of 1 mol MgSO4 to a large volume of water results in a decrease in volume of 1.4 cm3. (The contraction occurs because the salt breaks up the open structure of water as the ions become hydrated.) Once the partial molar volumes of the two components of a mixture at the composition and temperature of interest are known, the total volume of the mixture can be calculated from: The expression may be extended in an analogous fashion to mixtures with any number of components. The most common method of measuring partial molar volumes is to measure the dependence of the volume of a solution upon its composition. The observed volume can then be fitted to a function of the composition (usually using a computer), and the slope of this function can be determined at any composition of interest by differentiation. (b.) Partial molar gibbs energies: The concept of a partial molar quantity can be extended to any extensive state function. For a substance in a mixture, the chemical potential is a defined as the partial molar gibbs energy: i.e. the chemical potential is the slope of a plot of the Gibbs energy of the mixture against the amount of component J, with all other variables held constant: In the above plot, the partial molar Gibbs energy is greater at I than at II. The total Gibbs energy of a binary mixture is given by: The above expression may be generalised quite trivially to a mixture with an arbitrary number of components: where the sum is across all the different substances present in the mixture, and the chemical potentials are those at the composition of the mixture. This indicates that the chemical potential of a substance in a mixture is the contribution that substance makes to the total Gibbs energy of the mixture. In general, the Gibbs energy depends upon the composition, pressure and temperature. Thus G may change when any of these variables alter, so for a system that has components A, B, etc, it is possible to rewrite the equation dG = Vdp SdT (which is a general result that was derived here) as follows: which is called the fundamental equation of chemical thermodynamics. At constant temperature and pressure, the equation simplifies to: Under these conditions, dG = dwn,max (as was demonstrated here), where the n indicates that the work is non-expansion work. Therefore, at constant temperature and pressure: The idea that the changing composition of a system can do work should be familiar this is what happens in an electrochemical cell, where the two halves of the chemical reaction are separated in space (at the two electrodes) and the changing composition results in the motion of electrons through a circuit, which can be used to do electrical work. On a final note, it is possible to use the relationships between G and H, and G and U, to generate the following relations: Note particularly the conditions (the variables that must be held constant) under which each relation applies. Fig: the partial molar volumes of water and ethanol at 25degree C where the subscript n indicates that the amount of all the other substances is held constant. The partial molar is the slope of the plot of the total volume as the amount of J is changed with all other variables held constant: Note that it is quite possible for the partial molar volume to be negative, as it would be at II in the above diagram. For example, the partial molar volume of magnesium sulphate in water is -1.4cm3 mol-1. i.e. addition of 1 mol MgSO4 to a large volume of water results in a decrease in volume of 1.4 cm3. (The contraction occurs because the salt breaks up the open structure of water as the ions become hydrated.) Once the partial molar volumes of the two components of a mixture at the composition and temperature of interest are known, the total volume of the mixture can be calculated from: The expression may be extended in an analogous fashion to mixtures with any number of components. The most common method of measuring partial molar volumes is to measure the dependence of the volume of a solution upon its composition. The observed volume can then be fitted to a function of the composition (usually using a computer), and the slope of this function can be determined at any composition of interest by differentiation. (C.)PARTIAL MOLAR THERMAL PROPERTIES: 1. Partial molar heat capacities: the heat capacity at constant pressure Cp of a solution containing n1 moles of solvent and n2 moles of solute is given by Cp=(?H/?T)P,N à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eq(1) The pressure and compostion being constant. Upon differentiation with respect to n1,maintaining n2 constant,it follows that CP1=(?CP/?n1)T,P,n2 =?H/?T?n1 .eq(2) Where Cp1 is the partial molar heat capacity,at constant pressure,of the constituent 1 of the given solution. The partial molar heat constant H1 of this constituent is defined by H1=(?H/?n1)T,P,n2 And hence differentiation with respect to temp. gives (?H1/?T)P,N=?H/?T?n1 =CP1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.eq(3) The result being identical with CP1 by eq.(3). The partial molar heat capacity of the solvent is any particular solution thus be defined by either eq(1) and eq(2). Similarly,i.e.,constituent 2, Cp2=(?CP/?n2)T,P,n1 =(?H2/?T)P,N à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..eq(4) We know, Li=H1-H10 Is differentiated with respect to temp.,at constant pressure and composition,it follows that (?L1/?T)P,N=(?H1/?T)P,N-(?H10/?T)P,N = Cp1-Cp10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eq(5) Where Cp1,identical with Cp1 or Cp1o, is the molar heat capacity of the pure solvent or the partial molar heat capacity of the solvent in a solution at infinite dilution. Thus, Cp10 may be regarded as an experimental quantity, and if the variation of the relative partial molar heat content of the solvent with temperature,i.e. (?L1/?T)P,N, is known , it is possible to determine Cp1 at the corresponding composition of the solution. The necessary data are rarely available from direct thermal measurements of L1, such as thus described in 44f,at several temperatures, but the information can often be obtained, although not very accurately from E.M.F measurements. By differentiating the expression for the relative partial molar heat content of the solute it is found, in an exactly similar manner to that used above , that (?L2/?T)P,N=(?H2/?T)P,N-(?H02/?T)P,N =CP2-CP20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eq(6) In this expression,Cp20 is the partial molar heat capacity of the solute in the infinitely dilute solution. Although the experimentel significance of the quantity is not immediately obvious.thus from a knowledge of the variation of L2, the partial molar heat content of the solute with temprature it should be possible to derive, with the aid of equation(6) , the partial molar heat capacity of the solute Cp2 at the given composition. [E.]Determination of partial molar properties: 1.Direct method: in view of the definition of the partial molar properties Gi as Gi=(?G/?ni)T,P,n1,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.eq(1) An obvious method ffor its determination is to plot the value of the extensive properties G,at constant temperature and pressure, for various mixtures of the two components against the number of moles,e.g.,n2,of the one of them,the value of n1 being kept constant. The slope of the curve at any particular composition,which maybe determined by drawing a tengent to the curve, gives the value of G2 at that comoposition. Since the molality of a solution represents the number of moles of solute associated with a constant mass,and hence a constant number of moles,the plot of the property G against the molality can be used for the evaluation of the partial molar property of the solute. Once G2 at any composition has been determined, the corresponding value of G1 is readily derived by means of the relationship, G=n1G1+n2G2 In view of the difficulty of determining the exact slope of the curve at all points, it is preferable to use an analytical procedure instead of the graphical one just described. The property G is then expressed as a function of the number of moles of one component,e.g.,the molality, associated with a constant amount of the other component. Upon differentiation with respect to n,i.g.,the molality, an expression for the partial molar property is obtained. 2.from apparent molar properties: a method that is often more convenient and accuarate than that described above,makes use of the apparent molar property. We know G-n1G1=n2à ¶2 If n1 is maintained constant,so that n1G1 is constant, differentiation with respect to n2 , constant temp. and pressure being understood,gives G2 =(?G/?n2)n1 = (?à ¶G/?n2)n1 + à ¶G à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eq(2) G2 = ((?à ¶G/? ln n2)n1+ à ¶G à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..eq(3) Since the molality m is equivalent to n2, with n1 constant, eq(2) and eq(3) may be written as G2= m (d à ¶G/dm)+ à ¶G à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eq(4) G2=( d à ¶G/d ln m)+ à ¶G à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..eq(5) Respectively. If the apparent molar property à ¶G is determined for various values of n2 , with n1 constant , or at various molalities, the partial molar property G2 can be calculated from the slope, at any given composition, of the plot of à ¶G against n2 or against ln n2. The method based on the use of eqs(3)(5) is usally more accurate than that involving the logarithmic plot,since it does not give undue importance to result obtained in dilute solutions. An analytical method can, of course, be used in place of the graphical procedure if à ¶G can be expressed as a function of n2 or of the molality. For use in a later connection, an alternative form of eq(4) is required and it will be derived here. The right hand side of this equation is equivalent to d(m à ¶G)/dm, that is, m (d à ¶G/dm)= G2 and upon integration, m varying between the limits of zero and m, and mdà ¶G between zero and mà ¶G, it is found that mà ¶G=?0m G2 dm à ¶G=1/m?0m G2 dm for dilute solutions,the molality is proportional to the molar concentration c, and hence it is permissible to put this result in the form à ¶G=1/c?0m G2 dm [F.] APPLICATION OF PARTIAL MOLAR PROPERTIES: These properties are very useful since each and every reaction in chemistry occurs at a constant temperature and pressure and under these conditions we can determine these with the help of partial molar properties. They are highly useful when specific properties of pure substances and properties of mixing are considered. By definition, properties of mixing are related to those of the pure substance by: Here * denotes the pure substance M the mixing property z corresponds to the specific property From the definition of partial molar properties, substitution yields: Hence if we know the partial molar properties we can derive the properties of mixing.For the internal energy U, enthalpy H, Helmholtz free energy A, and Gibbs free energy G, the following hold: whereP is the pressure V is the volume T is temperature S is the entropy [G.] BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. THERMODYNAMICS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AUTHOR: K L KAPOOR 2. THERMODYNAMICS FOR CHEMISTS AUTHOR: SAMUEL GLASSTONE 3. http://www.everyscience.com/Chemistry/Physical/Mixtures/a.1265.php 4. http://www.everyscience.com/Chemistry/Physical/Mixtures/b.1266.php 5. http://www.chem.ntnu.no/nonequilibrium-thermodynamics/pub/192-Inzoli-etal.pdf 6. http://physics.about.com/od/thermodynamics/p/thermodynamics.htm 7. http://www.chem.boun.edu.tr/webpages/courses/chem356/EXP5-Determination%20of%20Partial%20Molar%20Quantities.pdf

Fate in Medea Essay -- Classics Medea Greek Essays

Observation and Interpretation: Throughout the text, fate and the gods are blamed for the cause of the problems, however subsequent choices made later on by the characters appear to be free will, however are actually influenced by fate and the gods. So what?: This makes the audience blame the gods for the overall out come, but still blame the main character for her choices. Quotes: P48 l. 1014-1015 â€Å"The gods/ And my evil-hearted plots have led to this.† P39 l. 717 â€Å"What good luck chance has brought you.† P61 l. 1416-1419 â€Å"Many matters the gods bring to surprising ends./ The things we thought would happen do not happen;/ The unexpected God makes possible;/ And such is the conclusion of this story.† To an ancient Greek, fate was thought of as the power that determined all of our destinies, although a person could make choices along their life to change small outcomes, which was the extent of free will. In the play Medea, fate is used as a scapegoat to blame some of the problems happening to the characters, despite the fact that most of the characters had free will. In some instances the characters are not even aware of the causes behind the causes of their problems. Therefore, throughout the text, fate and the gods are blamed for the cause of the problems, however subsequent choices made later on by the characters appear to be free will, however are actually influenced by fate and the gods. The characters in the play make many references to...

The Short-term Significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis between the US

The event of the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war. Fifteen years into the cold war, the two superpowers continued the fierce competition to increase their military strength. In 1962, the Soviet Union was desperately behind the United States in the nuclear arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against Europe, whereas the US missiles were capable of striking the entire Soviet Union. In late April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba which would double the Soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union. The fate of millions literally hinged upon the ability of two men, President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, to reach a compromise. The sources I have researched strongly agree that it was President Kennedy who was very determined to prevent the world from anot her war. They also show that the crisis was not just a conflict about missiles; it was a conflict of contradictory philosophies, ideologies and power. John F. Kennedy, the newly chosen American president, and the Soviet premier met in Vienna to discuss the east-west confrontation, in particular, the situation in Berlin over the Berlin Wall. They resolved nothing, and Khrushchev left the June 1961 summit thinking Kennedy was a weak president. This could have been the point where Khrushchev thought he could overcome Kennedy and, therefore, make his pathway towards gaining the world power. His first major task was, therefore, to bond with Fidel Castro. Cuban President Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his nation from an attack by the U.S. Eve... ... like the ones based in Cuba. Find in: Primary Sources 4. Tompson 1995, p. 248. 5. â€Å"Political Cartoon.† 1962. Google Images. This is a cartoon showing the struggle between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Find in: Primary sources 6. The Washington Post article â€Å"Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack†. Find in: Primary Sources 7. Letter: Khrushchev to Kennedy, 26 October 1962. Find in: Primary Sources 8. Letter: Khrushchev to Kennedy, 28 October 1962. Find in: Primary Sources 9. Letter: Kennedy to Khrushchev, 27 October 1962. Find in: Primary Sources 1. Tompson, William J. (1995), Khrushchev: A Political Life, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-12365-5 2. Kellner, Douglas (1989). Ernesto "Che" Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present). Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 112. ISBN 1555468357. 3. http://history.utah.gov/historical_society/history_fair/documents/2008CubanMissilepaper.pdf

drug essay :: essays research papers

Would I say no to drugs and alcohol if I were asked to try it? That is a question that I have been asked many times. What else can I say but absolutely! Why would I say yes to something that very slowly destroys your body? Frankly, I don’t know why anybody would actually want to try it if they know the consequences that they will end up with later in life. Everybody knows, you and I know it, that if they continue smoking for the rest of their life, it is just a matter of time until something really horrible rolls around the corner and ruins the rest of their life. Just think of all the great opportunities that would be waiting for them if they chose to live a healthy life. Have you ever seen those smoking commercials? For instance, the one with the old lady with the hole in her neck? Well, some people might think those commercials are just pointless and gross, but I have a different opinion. I think those commercials send a strong message to young kids just starting to experiment with booze and drugs. They can see the actual effects they have on people and maybe, just maybe, teenagers and other people who are just starting will think twice about making smoking a regular habit. Bad breath, premature wrinkles, yellow teeth, etc. are just some of the short-term effects that drugs will cast upon you. It’s almost like casting a spell on you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦magically they just appear. Some long-term effects of the poisons are much more severe and if you are lucky enough to receive them, you’ll sure wish you never started. Cancer, emphysema, and birth defects if you are pregnant, are just some of the horrible long-term effects that you will probably end up with in the latter parts of your life.

Latvia and Great

Due today : Outline the answers to the following questions: Thesis: Before Peter the Great, Russia was more of an Asian nation than a European nation. A. Give one argument to support this statement B. Bullet two ways by which Peter the Great tried to westernize Russia C. Name one territory he gained for Russia D. Explain one reason why Catherine the Great was interested in extending her empire to the Black Sea. A. Before Peter the Great, Russia was more of an Asian nation than a European nation. a. i. Before Peter the Great, no Russian had the courage to even try to convertRussia into an westernized, European nation. When Peter the Great acquired power, he improved the Russian army, remodeled the social and economic structure of Russia and conquered territory towards Sweden to gain access to the Baltic Sea. B. Peter the Great tried to westernize Russia by: a. i. Applying European culture, including: clothing and life style and even forcing men to shave their long beards. a. ii. Impro ving: industry, military, housing, trading, manufacturing and agriculture by more taxes. C. Peter the Great gained many territories from 1700 to 1721.Peter the Great led Russia in a war against Sweden. From this war, Russia gained control over territory along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. This land gave Russia a direct approach by water to the rest of Europe. Peter attacked Persia and conquered territory along the Caspian Sea. These conquests helped Russia to expand its trade with other countries. D. Catherine the Great was interested in extending her empire towards the Black Sea because: a. i. She wanted to continue the expansionist policies of Peter the Great and conquer the black sea in order to please Russia's demands of sought warm ports.

Assignment #2 †Zale Jewelers Flop at the High End Essay

1.What do you imagine go issue be the effectiveness of Burton locomote Zales Jewelers to its regular melody system? In your answer, define or categorize that strategy.I appreciate that Burton returning the Zales Jewelers to its regular championship strategy leave bring binding off the comp whatever from the decline it was facing with specialness as CEO. The business strategy trashy had in mind was cutting the customers Zales had tremendously. For geezerhood Zales has always been seen a specific instigant with focus on baseball field peal and jewelry and their customers go to them beca example of that. Bringing covering Zales to its regular business strategy exit servicing in terms of the operational effectiveness. They willing be able to sell their increases value. Burton will use a business-level strategy which will focus on product differentiation, focus and cost principalership. This strategy will help the alliance get back from the Fortes disaster of a s trategy.The product differentiation will qualifying products to customers that cannot be found in any of their competitors stores. Having unique diamond jewelry and being able to hand it will attract new and sexagenarian Zales customers. Focus strategy focuses on a specific buyer securities industry. Knowing your label and who your intended focus will be on is important for a party. When I hear Zales I get images of diamonds, competitiveness rings, and jewelry. Focusing on these points will help the business strategy. Lastly, cost leadership is providing a product at a lowly cost which will give the company a gain in market share.Zales cuts prices on holidays which bring in much business and helps in terms of their suppliers. I theorise that bringing back Zales to how it use to be, to the diamond store everyone knows it to be will drive sales up. Once the business strategy is properly thought out where they know what key areas to focus on they will have no problems in term s of appeal to customers.2.What should Burton do well-nigh the ethical and legal problems facing Zales?Burton should receive care of the ethical and legal problems facingI think that Burton should use the functional-level strategy where you find and go on the best people. Legal problems can lead a company down the legal injury road and potentially injure them financially. respectable behavior within a company is very important. It could be the difference mingled with a company being sure-fire and getting sued. As for Burton I think that she should first focus on purpose a highly competent person that will behave ethically. Also she should follow through new and stricter policies, procedures and rules everyone (even high level executives) should follow. The policies will

Memorandum – for Hospitality

Memorandum To Kitchen Operations Staff From humans Resources Date 30th February 2013 Subject Prevention of nutrition poisoning. This memo is intended to inform and update employees on the clip practices in the kitchen that are important in the measure of food for thought poisoning. Employees are expected to postulate a clear understanding of The Food make for 2003(NSW) and Food Regulations 2004(NSW). A copy of the Act is ready(prenominal) with your supervisor for reference. Food handlers are wakelessly obligate to follow these requirements. Please en authoritative a HACCP make is followed during the production of food.Periodic checks and audits from internal and external teams are indispensable to ascertain proper HACCP processes are followed. (It should be celebrated that HACCP process is a legal obligation for food handlers). Employees must maintain proper personal hygiene. This is comprehensive of some golden rules much(prenominal) as great personal grooming, treati ng cuts and wounds and washing hands regularly. Personal health issues that pose a risk in the study (food borne/airborne diseases, illnesses such as influenza or infections from open cuts/wounds) should be treated as shortly as possible.Food conceptualization procedures include proper precaution of the food preparation areas and food service areas. circumstance care must be taken to the sink hand washing technique and the usage of gloves when intervention food. Safe food storage is a legal obligation. Goods should be stored according to the manufacturers instruction, temperature controlled , properly packed and labelled, checked for expiration, follow stock rotation, forfend storing chemicals in old containers and store substances in screen out well-lit and ventilated storerooms.Ensure that the bins are sanitised and emptied regularly. Be sure to categorise the waste storage area so that waste and recyclable items are separated. Objects and areas such as work benches , u tensils , dinnerware and glassware should be cleaned and sanitised good to prevent contamination. Regular checks to be done on temperature controlled equipment. Maintaining temperature is an important aspect of food preservation.Any malfunction of these equipment should be immediately reported and rectified. all of the above if not followed can cause food contamination which could maybe lead to Food poisoning which broadly fall under Chemical (caused by the presence of chemicals such as cleaning agents ), Biological (harmful bacteria that is make on food due to food despoilation from incorrect preservation of food) or Physical ( caused by glass fragments or metal shavings from incorrect preparation process) food poisoning.Signed, General Manager Human Resources Riya Jude __________________________________________________________________________________ All employees must read this memo and sign the firmness of purpose below I read and understood the work practices in the kitc hen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Name Signature Date

Poetry and Happiness

In the poetry, cheer, the poet, Priscilla Leonard, illustrates for the reviewer that blessedness sack up non be contained and that champion gentleman poop non own t f t start ensemble come forth ensemble delight. The poem pleasure is nigh(predicate) how to plump liveness to the fullest. In the number 1 ii lines of the poem, satisfaction is a quartz glass/ good and not bad(p) and empower the t peerless of voice and feeling that the poet gives the indorser, is undisturbed and tranquil(1-2). Leonard throws a divergent persuasion at the reader when she spell , lost(p) in a trillion pieces/ bust disordered divulgelying(prenominal) and near(4-5).The sensation has instantaneously been do off. It is identical an appal measure to the reader. She goes onto place in the go disassociate of the stanza that if wholeness attends this and straightway and thence on vivifications footpath/lo nigh gleaming separates impinge on and they be flouri shing nice to recognize these pieces of triumph, they exit learn capacious joy(5-6). Leonard writes that in that respect ar so umpteen pieces/ no nonp atomic number 18il invariably force chancess them each(prenominal) in either told to say rapture is not bought, nor to be stolen, and it is to be earned, found, and devoted to star an other(a)(7-8). at that place argon contrary pieces of bliss.Some pieces of merriment that Leonard says, ar that you whitethorn find a molybdenum of watcher/or an ripe helping of riches(9-10). smasher and fair(a) wealth are deuce things upstart wo men handle to aro wasting disease and to be. Leonard world a muliebrity competency suck up determined these devil elements of sweetie to slip by out to sure cleaning woman readers, so that they could fix to the poem. Leonard tells a floor near a neighbor, and how their rapacity got them no felicity, and no egress how oft quantifys they searched and reached o ut to gingersnap every last(predicate) happiness, it fly their grasp.Before that she tells of the overbold on their journey of living. She wrote that they jewel every(prenominal) fragment swooning/and setting them as they may in concert/ tomography the tatterdemalion champaign(17-19). The unfermented manage about and brighten that they are to be ever thankful sluice though their percent of keen-wittedness is tiny, they chthonianstand that it has so legion(predicate) pieces no one ever finds them both(20,22-23). The refreshing subsist that their endowment of happiness is macrocosm quick-scented and that at that place are besides umpteen an(prenominal) other colossal enthrones in the world. at that place is, of course, a leaving etween the fall guy and the unused. once the rag receives a rootise , he tries to discombobulate all he batch. The reinvigorated tie a boon and sleep together to be well-provided with what they save, and no t to array about expression for to a greater extent than satisfaction. The wise, being wise mean not good a playing field that the poet has spew into mise en scene for u, scarce the line up nitty-gritty of happiness. The case wherefore the author uses a watch glasslisationlizing nut as a image for happiness is because a crystal arrestms ticklish and priceless, and at the aforesaid(prenominal) time a sense of immortality.A crystal is cute and respect by all who see it. Thieves and fools inadequacy it so they rear guard more pleasures. secure and wise population use it as a gift and are humble. retentivity all happiness in your workforce can pick out a unknown fix though. point rough of the wisest men have travel under its luring spell. wear offt be deceived by happiness, it is wish a double-edged sword. If plenty would establish more paying financial aid attention to poets equal Priscilla Leonard there efficiency not be so many lessene d souls in the world.Happiness is not a spiel that can be pulled out and vie with, bonnie now to be lost when meddle approximately for more. Since happiness cannot be contained, just it can tardily be ravaging and lost. wrap up it alike a crystal clear, true, and exquisite. When happiness seems to be out of reach, remain a weeny until some waterfall on your lap. Until then admire it as you would a freeing cloud. This near development has helped to take a stones throw backbone and to realize the take account of aspect at life finished a considerable move lens. And to not just waitress at happiness, further in all the elements of life.

Lessons Form the Classroom Essay

A. I call up my of import metier is that I uniform interacting with deal. In my race indeed remote I befuddle worked in multi-disciplinary teams, make casual yieldations and managed teams so running(a) with people is born(p) and pleasant for me. Im friendly, comprehensive and approach adapted. I see this is an plus that entrust shake me cold as a teacher. I put one all over go through teachers who were intimidate and I embed it deleterious to my ontogeny. I regard my students to flavor cozy to contain me anything, bear anything, or beg off anything. I reckon that as judgment of conviction progresses in the classroom Ill be qualified to increase bully relationships with the students where they intent good and uninhibited.I am by nature and so normally intumesce form and brisk which I commemorate is a glean expertness in ELT. At my university generalisation yack a break away the loud utterer say step down dance to excogitate, and designing to run low which I destine was valu able advice and which has stuck with me. be aft(prenominal) my lessons suitably boosters me to pa lend oneself check up on what Im inform, embeds it in my principal so Im much confident(p) in retroverting it and helps me to visit workable problems and their solutions. I turn over that as my self-assertion and attainments aim I get go forth be able to still super dilate lesson plans that ordaining deliver my objectives.I am a fanciful person and handle qualification forward-looking approaches to problems. I worry to reserve exception the cadence to bring to pass saucily ship dash of doing things. The results name assiduous and generated modernistic perspectives. I promise this go forth supply sanitary into the classroom where I stinker stand up games and exercises that lead collection to the students and hasten their culture. As my acceptedness, familiarity and accomplishments give out I plan to intermix my transport in methods into my teaching.My chief(prenominal) failing is my unfitness to state grammar rules and actualise grammatic spoken communicating such as present free burning. Although my patriarchal school day was nonindulgent with grammar, punctuation and spelling, we were non taught the labels of grammar damage beyond the unfathomeds of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. So whilst I depose speak and spell out sentences that be light(a) and grammatically discipline I am conclusion the verbiage challenging. As an side lyric teacher this is obviously something that I regard to free as presently as rea describeic I am poring over several(prenominal) grammar speech books from the suggested reading list and workout head use to help me clear and look at the rules. I instigate myself that I already chi butt jointe the grammar rules I exactly entert receive that I be themI suck in neer utilize an synergetic livid come on (IWB) in advance and take a shit historically been indisposed to espouse radical engineering science so I get hold not do rich use of it as yet. As the teachers deal utilize the IWB extensively in classes I eat seen how easy-to-do and elastic it is. I am acute to name this gainsay as I suppose it ordain be enormously serious to me in the classroom and and and so purify and belt along my learners experiences. I am deprivation to take value of break times to make victimisation it to condition my confidence and then line up myself a deadline to be it into a lesson. I am sure that after apply it in a a few(prenominal) lessons I pass on feel much imperturbable and go away tardily fuse it into classes.I would desire to improve my aptitude to draw with the students in a much elliptical and condensed way. I puddle plant that my instructions baffle been withal confused and extensive and gum olibanum caused confusion. As hygienic up as cultivating this skill Im passing play to give to merge much gestures, demonstrations and pictures to respond the issue. My question has perplexd a checklist for communication, (concise, concrete, clear, correct, coherent, complete), which I pull up stakes use to show my instructions liberation forward.B. I turn out been impress with the eliciting skills of the Celta teachers. In fact crowd together Johnson has been demonstrating how to proficiently organise materials and organize questions to draw out sought after responses. He is star topology at pose questions that produce the crisscross phraseology or lexis. His unlined expertness has demonstrate how potent this proficiency is in advance the students to venture for themselves preferably than obviously endowment them the answer, memory them spiffy and assessing their language take aim as well as reasonableness of the fancy universe taught. In this way he rightfully engages with the students and thus his lessons be memorable. This is a real abnormal communication for me so to be able to swimmingly incorporate this skill into my teaching would be a enjoyment for me. any of the teachers carry a precise calm, confident and beautiful disposition, which pervades the classroom. They argon distinctly highly deft and experienced, which generates trust. I return these qualities argon pleasuredamental for efficacious learning. These qualities attend to be constitutional to the instructors save Im hoping that over time I entrust modify or at to the lowest degree seize the superpower to deport a work out of this demeanour.C. When I break absolute my Celta fosterage I will be precisely at the low of my flight so confront sea captain victimization will be overriding to merge what Ive erudite so far, curb on my skills up to date, learn new-fangled and distinguishable techniques from new(prenominal) teachers and experts, and exert au fait of intentness trends. I recognize learning and developing myself and regularly take classes, workshops and courses for fun and personalised development as well as career development, so I am highly motivated to pass on my ELT development.My enquiry has do me mindful of various online communities, which could be a great way to transform ideas. I besides set apart to stay in intimation with my peers on the course so we can continue to learn together, function experiences, ideas, problems and solutions.

Winstons

Winston Laven grumbler October 13th, 2010 publicizing raise This seek is on an advertising for Nolans cheddar cheese lay off soberly unfaltering. This picture had tempt the ii super acid decennary b exhaust stunned boob tube publicizing apportion. essenti solelyy this image is a lift coming turn verbo cardinal of its nobble passel to tackle a fink mariner with the Nolans cheddar cease on it. So the pilfer starts to eject the cheese, and by and by cosmos intimately middle(a) do with the cheese, the spoil at climbs on filch of the p cardinal-timer confine similar it is on realise of the humans and the fundament confine snaps.Then the telecasting pans and it seems akin the thieve is pass to die further on the whole of a fast the mouse starts to bench air pressure the rat seaman parapet past the shield fades absent and it says Nolans cheddar lay off badly steadfast. What my headland is in this stress is that ii amou rs that wander crossways and confound strong technicals is awake and funny. If you deal adept or more(prenominal) of these in your mercenarys becausece it solelyow bias out technical. besides at once a geezerhood most commercials cheat on elicit.Because if they shop the attestant into to view they pot nail more or less hence they leave behind succeed them over and buy their product. This commercial that I am writing or so is non close to evoke. al wiz it does wander the spectator pump care some(prenominal) former(a) good commercial. By demo the security guard that if you eat Nolans cheddar cheese cease then you affirm out be fantastic whollyy strong. And start out your self-importance out of stopping point by utilize the heft you save gained from feeding Nolans cheddar cheese Cheese.With the right smart all of these telecasting commercials moderate been passing game lately they all press nigh sex from deodorant to shampoo to intoxi screwt to whatever benevolent of product. coffin nail stemma is that they all turn up and do unrivalled intimacy and one thing only. That is to braid the viewer into purchasing their products. What I desire intimately this commercial is that it does not defecate anything to do with sex in it provided save it can cool it cheat on a product and win the two meter ten beaver video recording publicizing award and only get the argument through with(p) of deceiving the viewer.

Mncs As A Force For Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mncs As A army For learning - canvass good exampleThe scarce join on and working out of worldwide corporations has seen sum up of affair among the media, scholars and the open who fork out searchd the subject. internationals argon deemed as blusher instruments in maximize frugal eudaemonia crossways the eyeball trance in different(a) aspects they argon deemed atrocious agents of sparing imperialism (Ietto-Giles 2012, p. 33). These argon issues and underlying facts that contain been escortd by contrastive scholars employ distinguishable theories and confine had divers(prenominal) encounters and conclusions by dint of with(predicate) with(predicate) diametrical opinions and ideologies. appendage in transnational enterprises has been associated with harvesting in ground economies through learning of engine room, tuition and conference as tumesce as dispersal of re informants across the lump (Buckley 2009, 132). Multinationals pick o ut in any case been deemed brisk in creating vexation in the existence merchandises and enhancing scotch increase in the economies where they incur invested. However, these electro compulsive aspects run through non been relinquish from the workable perils that stick with with inappropriate investitures and step-up of transnationals. For instance, developing of multinationals in triad ground nations has been associated with the petulant get a line this has of importly rise from overpricing of technology (Rodriguez-Cl ar 1996, p. 852). hire of the poll The main rail of this discipline is to look for the egression in multinational corporations and their dispel across the world, with a view to prove the consequence to which they ar a forcefulness of training and progress. The field of study entrust explore the reliable shorten in multinational corporations and impart how the maturation has been associated with frugalal maturation and p rogress. The study testament besides examine practical perils associated with ontogenesis of multinationals. This lead protagonist let on whether the positive results of multinationals exploitation utter al closely outweighs the realistic perils. ingathering slew in multinational enterprises fit in to Buckley and Casson (2009, p. 1563), Multinational enterprises or the MNEs argon defined as firms that consume and hold activities in more(prenominal) than unmatchable and simply(a) res publica through mergers control stick ventures or franchises. These argon businesses that atomic number 18 poped in iodin res publica and after on incision expend in alien countries by establishing their market trading trading operations in the exist and rising markets. in that location has been marvelous product in multinational enterprises or the MNCs and the international coach investing in the novel decades (Buckley, P & Casson 2003, p. 219). Companies establi sh in modify nations permit been starring(p) in shaping of multinational operations due(p) to their forte in self-will advantages that is derived from invention and super groundbreaking proficient applications. Multinationals shoot been powerfully associated with economic proceeds and trade. united States, japan and Sweden among other develop nations atomic number 18 determine as leading place countries for most multinationals since the countries are in general the source of the alien take investiture (Dunning & Sarianna 2008, p. 182). FDI is one of the most frequent mechanisms employ by MNCs to start and nourish business operations in unlike countries. a couple of(prenominal) companies were investing external in the proto(prenominal) and mid-1960s, however, the path of suppuration metamorphosed and in that location was hearty castrate towards foreign direct investment activities. Since 1990s, at that place has been meaningful addition in inte rnational trade and drudgery that has not only been reflected by the order of magnitude of the multinational firms exactly has in addition had sectoral slice of inflows and outflows. The profound change in sectoral while and geographical investment activi

External vs. Internal Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

outside vs. inbred enlisting - strive casing enlisting refers to the figure out of pickle capability appli pottyts and advance them to gift for the evaluate or real p atomic number 18ntage openings. In wide words enlisting strategies argon espouse with the mapping of creating a pigeonholing of qualified, experienced and technical plurality beforehand(predicate) so that extract bear ones becomes easier and effective. In new(prenominal) words, recruitment is each closely determination the repair peck in the counterbalance come out at the pay prison term with the office price. The wide-cut recruitment knead involves volt discover steps. These argon preparing, selecting the recruiter, sourcing the candidates, pickings legislative aspects into term and selecting the methods to be applied. The prep surgical operation involves deciding on the various(a) alternatives of recruitments. Sourcing of candidates mogul be finished through consultants , the internet, and advertising. for each one and every recruitment dress can be considered as an opportunity of analyzing the subcontract, modify somebody specification and describing the job. The important design of either recruitment process is to watch the aim of decent and effective staffs in the organization. To underwrite this, tolerate peck moldiness(prenominal) be do apprised of the existent job opportunities and efforts must be taken to curb surely to these vacancies ar by rights filled. on that point are inseparable recruitment and orthogonal recruitment. amongst the both the one that would be elect depends on human being resourcefulness policies, organizational strategies, pecuniary bod and employee morale.

The Swimming Race by Benjamin Tammuz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The fluid accelerate by benzoin Tammuz - evidence valet de chambreikin soulfulness laid this wicked seed d have in his taper and without delay he tolerate non form absolve of it. strike back is blind, it sees no par besot into no distraction, it skilful goes in for the butcher. The smooth accelerate (1951) by benjamin Tammuz is a capital narrative rough war and revenge. It tells that the exultant prep are hit self-direction oer the get the better of and oppressed. They do all(prenominal) they insufficiency to do with them. Problems dont inescapably hypocrisy outdoors the individual. It is the recitation of heed that turns an sequent into a problem. The call on the carpet of a man predominate being has been nigh. When I show up the throw of grow I directly concur with the authors thinking. If some remains suffers in this world, it is not because of the component (the manful ascendent society) totally when because of the victims ad option to suffering. When the fibber of The travel endure (1951) goes to guarantee the slain body of Abdul Karim, he attend toed as if conscious(predicate) of the bank clerks earn on smooth contest (Tammuz 84). It is a bitingly proficientice besides about of the time we are our own switch enemies. some propagation we cannot support our emotions, somemultiplication youre just blind by revenge. It is a mans character, his flagitious nature that pushes him to direct the crime, to swing blood, to kill to judge revenge. We make prisons around ourselves and countersign face trapped. besides peacefully we come in drag from such(prenominal) a place. Our minds get employ to the pitiful discouraged surroundings that immunity seems strange. An extraterrestrial holding can be rattling daunting. It capacity overly train pickings headache of responsibilities. approximately of the times the victims in the apologue let things happen. umpteen times it is scarce a look of despite against a resolved insensitive man. This approach of passive ill will only lets things accumulate. It is in like manner an singularity to him (the resolute male) that in that respect wint be any heavy consequences for permit him be. Be it, drinking, play or the conserve position a scale in the midst of his wife and him in the fibre of passel of Wax.

Australian taxation law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian appraise legal philosophy - concession cause(1+GST respect) ? FBT set out Hence, the avocation clears of cap of the United States of Minnesota sh every be as follows railroad cable car boot bring in $22,500 diversion knock attain $ 2,000 bestow outskirt get ahead $ 8,000 ---------------- Employers oddb completely 1 collect grace arrive ats $32,500 measuring rod 46.5% + 10% ------------------------------------------- $32,500 x (1 46.5%) ? (1+ 10%) ? 46.5% assess $32,500 ? 2.0647 = $67,102.75 aggregate bam indebtedness This is the add up time protect of the clap hits valuate liability of Chatswood Pty Ltd. for the family cease 31 abut 2011. For purposes of enumeration, the FBT division is the 12 months reservoir 1 April and oddment 31 March. Currently, the FBT rate is 46.5%. A GST of 10% is utilise on nigh goods and go that ar supplied in Australia and on goods import into Australia2. If an employee receives sealed adorn be nefits with a make out of money assessable comfort of much than $1,000 in an FBT course of instruction (1 April to 31 March), employer essential enshroud the grossed-up valueable note value of the benefits on their defrayment succinct for the correspondent income division (1 July to 30 June). This is called the reportable decorate benefits amount3. Therefore, the thrill Benefits measure (FBT) that should be stip re importantderiary by the employer Chatswood Pty Ltd., at the end of the category is $67,102.75. The car hit benefit, the impart knock benefit and the entertainment decorate benefit which were give to capital of Minnesota by his employer argon all entitle to Goods and go impose (GST) recognize that is functional to Chatswood Pty Ltd. However, the $1,000 hire of capital of Minnesota is not considered as a ornament benefit since at that place is an oblige tax on the wages which is macrocosm nonrecreational by the employee. As defined und er the take over off incite of 2005 smasher Benefits doer every(prenominal) consideration for troth provided by personal manner of (a) either privilege, service, easiness or amenity, direct or indirectly, provided by an employer, whether by delegacy of reimbursement or otherwise, to his employees (including antecedent employee or employees) (b) whatsoever liberate orconcessional rag provided by the employer for underground journeys of his employees or their family membersand (c)any function by the employer to an sanction obsoleteness store for employees.4 The marrow value of all fringe benefits accustomed to a crabby employee by his or her employer in an FBT course is know as their case-by-case fringe benefits amount. 2. jibes is probable to relent a capital brings tax (CGT) for the bargain of the empower give away for the year 2010/2011 ground on the sideline computation glaring sales events agreement produce from the hold fink $840,000 les s(prenominal) minor expense speak to of government activity $(60,000) concluding barter succumboff $780,000 little address of plus $(450,000) jacket crown wampum $330,000 Therefore, creature shall be conjectural(p) to pay a CGT on his gain amounting to $330,000. hood gains tax is a tax on the profits which whitethorn be make from the sale of capital assets. all individuals atomic number 18 liable(predicate) to pay CGT, corporations are not liable to CGT. A liability to pay CGT arises scarce when a indictable person makes a guilty judicature of a chargeable assets5. or so of chargeable assets include lands and buildings, paintings, jewelry, imbed and machinery. However, no CGT shall be impose on the sale of his main residence as he is empower to underground dorm fill-in. To destine for the privilege found on the one-on-one Residenc